PLANT KINGDOM INTRODUCTION
What are Plants?
![What is a plant?](https://ohioplants.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Slide6-1-720x540.jpg)
What is a plant?
![](https://ohioplants.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Slide7-720x540.jpg)
Plants are derived from green algae (protists).
![](https://ohioplants.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Slide8-720x540.jpg)
Most algae are aquatic protists.
![](https://ohioplants.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Slide14-720x540.jpg)
Life on land presented opportunities.
![](https://ohioplants.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Slide15-720x540.jpg)
Plants meet the challenges of terrestrial life in various ways.
![](https://ohioplants.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Slide17-720x540.jpg)
Key adaptations in the evolution of plants.
Figure from Campbell, et.al. Biology, 10th ed. Pearson/Benjamin Cummings, NY.
![](https://ohioplants.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Slide18-720x540.jpg)
Key adaptations in the evolution of plants.
Figure from Campbell, et.al. Biology, 10th ed. Pearson/Benjamin Cummings, NY.
PHYLOGENY OF THE PLANT KINGDOM
![Phylogeny of the plant kingdom.](https://ohioplants.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Slide29-720x540.jpg)
Phylogeny of the plant kingdom.
Figure from Campbell, et.al. Biology, 10th ed. Pearson/Benjamin Cummings, NY.
THE THREE LIFE CYCLES
animal (diplontic) cycle
fungus/algae (haplontic) cycle
plant (alternation of generations) cycle
![](https://ohioplants.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Slide32-720x540.jpg)
Terms involving chromosomes.
![Nuclear division processes, and reproductive cells.](https://ohioplants.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Slide39-720x540.jpg)
Nuclear division processes, and reproductive cells.
![](https://ohioplants.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Slide42-720x540.jpg)
Animal life cycle.
![](https://ohioplants.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Slide43-720x540.jpg)
Animal life cycle.
Figure from Campbell, et.al. Biology, 10th ed. Pearson/Benjamin Cummings, NY.
![](https://ohioplants.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Slide53-720x540.jpg)
Algae/fungus life cycle.
![](https://ohioplants.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Slide57-720x540.jpg)
Plant life cycle.
![](https://ohioplants.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Slide67-720x540.jpg)
Another view of the plant life cycle.
Figure from Campbell, et.al. Biology, 10th ed. Pearson/Benjamin Cummings, NY.
PLANT LIFE CYCLES IN DETAIL
bryophytes (moss example)
seedless vascular plant (fern example)
seed plant (angiosperm example)
![](https://ohioplants.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Slide82-720x540.jpg)
Moss life cycle.
Figure from Campbell, et.al. Biology, 10th ed. Pearson/Benjamin Cummings, NY.
![](https://ohioplants.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Slide86-720x540.jpg)
Features of bryophytes
![A moss showing both gametophyte and sporophyte stages of the life cycle.](https://ohioplants.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Slide38-720x540.jpg)
A moss showing both gametophyte and sporophyte stages of the life cycle.
![](https://ohioplants.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Slide24-720x540.jpg)
In bryophytes, the gametophyte is the dominant stage.
![](https://ohioplants.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Slide128-720x540.jpg)
Liverworts are a separate “bryophyte” phylum.
![](https://ohioplants.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Slide144-720x540.jpg)
Hornworts are a separate “bryophyte” phylum.
![](https://ohioplants.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Slide159-720x540.jpg)
Fern life cycle.
Figure from Campbell, et.al. Biology, 10th ed. Pearson/Benjamin Cummings, NY.
![](https://ohioplants.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Slide162-720x540.jpg)
Traits of ferns.
![](https://ohioplants.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Slide163-720x540.jpg)
The familiar fern plant is a sporophyte.
![](https://ohioplants.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Slide165-720x540.jpg)
Fern gametophyte is green, tiny, flat, and separate from the sporophyte.
![](https://ohioplants.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Slide179-720x540.jpg)
The undersurface of a woodfern bears sporangia.
![Flowers are aggregates of sexual organs in angiosperms.](https://ohioplants.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Slide247-720x540.jpg)
Flowers are aggregates of sexual organs in angiosperms.
Figure from Campbell, et.al. Biology, 10th ed. Pearson/Benjamin Cummings, NY.
![Flowers are aggregates of sexual organs in angiosperms.](https://ohioplants.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Slide251-720x540.jpg)
Flowers are aggregates of sexual organs in angiosperms.
![Pollination.](https://ohioplants.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Slide252-720x540.jpg)
Pollination.
![](https://ohioplants.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Slide253-720x540.jpg)
Fertilization.
![](https://ohioplants.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Slide254-720x540.jpg)
A fruit is a ripened ovary containing seeds.
![](https://ohioplants.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Slide255-720x540.jpg)
A peanut is a fruit.
![](https://ohioplants.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Slide256-720x540.jpg)
A peanut is a fruit.
![](https://ohioplants.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/gametophytes-720x457.jpg)
Flowering plant gametophytes are tiny.
In fact, the female gametophyte is contained completely within the sporophyte!
![](https://ohioplants.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/double-fertilization-720x244.jpg)
Double fertilization is a unique angiosperm feature that ties food (endosperm) development to the presence of an embryo in need of nourishment.